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Doubt Is Their Product References: Chapter Nine
 

1. Public Citizen Health Research Group of the Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers International Union. Petition requesting a reduced tolerance for chromium (VI) (hexavalent chromium) through an emergency temporary standard issued under the authority of the Occupational Safety and Health Act. July 19, 1993. Available at: http://dockets.osha.gov/vg001/V026A/01/01/54.PDF. Accessed in June 2007.

2. U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium: Final rule. Fed. Reg. 2006;71(39): 10099–10385.

3. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Criteria for a recommended standard: Occupational exposure to chromium (VI). 1975. DHHS (NIOSH) publication no. 76–129.

4. Nelson S, Vladeck DC for the Public Citizen Litigation Group. Brief of petitioners: Public Citizen Health Research Group, and Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union v. Elaine Chao, Secretary of Labor, and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. February 2002. Available at: http://www.citizen.org/documents/HexchromBrief.pdf. Accessed in June 2007.

5. Mancuso TF, Hueper WC. Occupational cancer and other health hazards in a chromate plant: A medical appraisal. Part 1: Lung cancers in chromate workers. Ind Med Surg. 1951;20(8):358–63.

6. Mancuso TF. Consideration of Chromium as an Industrial Carcinogen. Proceedings of the International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 27–31, 1975.

7. Mancuso TF. Chromium as an industrial carcinogen: Part 1. Am J Ind Med. 1997;31(2):129–39.

8. OSHA History, Part 3: Dunlop/Corn Administration, 1975–1977: Reform and professionalization. Available at: http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/osha13corn.htm. Accessed in June 2007.

9. OSHA. Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium: Proposed standards. Fed. Reg. 1976;41(90):18869–71.

10. Industrial Union Department v. American Petroleum Institute, 44 U.S. 607 (July 2, 1980). Available at: http://www.publichealthlaw.net/Reader/docs/IndustUnion.pdf. Accessed in June 2007.

11. Public Citizen Health Research Group v. Chao, 314 F.3d 143 (December 24, 2002). Available at: http://www.citizen.org/documents/hexavalentchromiumopinion.pdf. Accessed in June 2007.

12. Occupational Safety and Health Act. Public law no. 91–596, December 29, 1970.

13. Dear JA (assistant secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health). Letter to Wolfe SM (director, Public Citizen’s Health Research Group). March 8, 1994.

14. OSHA. DOL semiannual agenda of regulations (Part 12). Fed. Reg. 1994;59(79):20602–55.

15. OSHA. DOL semiannual agenda of regulations (Part 12). Fed. Reg. 1994;59(79):57800.

16. OSHA. DOL semiannual agenda of regulations. Fed. Reg. 1995;60(88):23536.

17. Dear JA (assistant secretary of Occupational Safety and Health). Letter to Wolfe SM (director, Public Citizen Health Research Group). Re: May 22 letter on behalf of Public Citizen Health Research Group and the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Union. June 30, 1995.

18. OSHA. DOL semiannual agenda of regulations (Part 12). Fed. Reg. 1995;60(228):60246–85.

19. K.S. Crump Division (under contract no. 7–9-F-1– 0066 with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Evaluation of epidemiological data and risk assessment for hexavalent chromium. May 1995.

20. Hayes RB, Lilienfeld AM, Snell LM. Mortality in chromium chemical production workers: A prospective study. Int J Epidemiol. 1979;8(4):365–74.

21. Gibb HJ, Lees PSJ, Pinsky PF et al. Lung cancer among workers in chromium chemical production. Am J Ind Med. 2000;38:115–26.

22. Meeting minutes: Chrome Coalition meeting. November 14, 1995. Available at http://www.defendingscience.org/upload/CC_1995.pdf. Accessed in December 2007.

23. Meeting minutes: Chrome Coalition and ad hoc PEL committee, special meeting with ChemRisk. February 13, 1996. Available at http://www.ehjournal.net/content/supplementary/1476-069x-5-5-s2.pdf. Accessed in December 2007.

24. Buczynski MA (OxyChem). Memorandum to Stephenson DB (Oxy-Chem). Subject: Recent activities of the Chrome Coalition OSHA/PEL ad hoc committee, April 4, 1996. Available at http://www.defendingscience.org/upload/OxyChem_1996.pdf. Accessed in December 2007.

25. Chrome Coalition. Contract between Collier, Shannon, Rill, & Scott, PLLC, on behalf of the Chrome Coalition, and ChemRisk, a division of the McLaren/Hart Environmental Engineering Corporation. September 10, 1996. Available at http://www.ehjournal.net/content/supplementary/1476-069x-5-5-s3.pdf. Accessed in December 2007.

26. Wittenborn J (Collier Shannon Scott PLC). Email to Barnhart J (Chrome Coalition). Subject: OSHA info request. August 29, 2002. Available at http://www.defendingscience.org/upload/Wittenborn_2002.pdf. Accessed in December 2007.

27. Chrome Coalition. Meeting summary. September 12, 2002. Available at: http://www.ehjournal.net/content/supplementary/1476-069x-5-5-s4.pdf. Accessed in December 2007.

28. Finley BL, Kerger BD, Dodge DG et al. Assessment of airborne hexavalent chromium in the home following use of contaminated tapwater. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1996;6(2):229–45.

29. Kerger BD, Paustenbach DJ, Corbett GE et al. Absorption and elimination of trivalent and hexavalent chromium in humans following ingestion of a bolus dose in drinking water. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1996;141(1):145–58.

30. Kerger BD, Richter RO, Chute SM et al. Refined exposure assessment for ingestion of tapwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium: Consideration of exogenous and endogenous reducing agents. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1996;6(2):163–79.

31. Kuykendall JR, Kerger BD, Jarvi EJ et al. Measurement of DNA-protein cross-links in human leukocytes following acute ingestion of chromium in drinking water. Carcinogenesis. 1996;17(9):1971–77.

32. Mirsalis JC, Hamilton CM, O’Loughlin KG et al. Chromium (VI) at plausible drinking water concentrations is not genotoxic in the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus or liver unscheduled DNA synthesis assays. Environ Mol Mutagen. 1996;28(1):60–63.

33. Paustenbach DJ, Hays SM, Brien BA et al. Observation of steady state in blood and urine following human ingestion of hexavalent chromium in drinking water. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1996;49(5):453–61.

34. Corbett GE, Finley BL, Paustenbach DJ et al. Systemic uptake of chromium in human volunteers following dermal contact with hexavalent chromium (22 mg/l). J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1997;7(2):179–89.

35. Finley BL, Kerger BD, Katona MW et al. Human ingestion of chromium (VI) in drinking water: Pharmacokinetics following repeated exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997;142(1):151–59.

36. Kerger BD, Finley BL, Corbett GE et al. Ingestion of chromium(VI) in drinking water by human volunteers: Absorption, distribution, and excretion of single and repeated doses. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1997;50(1):67–95.

37. Proctor DM, Fredrick MM, Scott PK et al. The prevalence of chromium allergy in the United States and its implications for setting soil cleanup: A cost-effectiveness case study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1998;28(1):27–37.

38. Fowler JF Jr., Kauffman CL, Marks Jr. JG et al. An environmental hazard assessment of low-level dermal exposure to hexavalent chromium in solution among chromium-sensitized volunteers. J Occup Environ Med. 1999;41(3):150–60.

39. Proctor DM, Panko JM, Finley BL et al. Need for improved science in standard setting for hexavalent chromium. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1999;29(2 Pt 1):99–101.

40. Proctor DM, Otani JM, Finley BL et al. Is hexavalent chromium carcinogenic via ingestion? A weight-of-evidence review. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part A. 2002;65:701–46.

41. Crump C, Crump K, Hack E et al. Dose-response and risk assessment of airborne hexavalent chromium and lung cancer mortality. Risk Analysis. 2003;23(6):1147–63.

42. Luippold RS, Mundt KA, Austin RP et al. Lung cancer mortality among chromate production workers. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60(6):451–57.

43. Paustenbach DJ, Finley BL, Mowat FS et al. Human health risk and exposure assessment of chromium (VI) in tap water. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part A. 2003;66(14):1295–1339.

44. Proctor DM, Panko JP, Liebig EW et al. Workplace airborne hexavalent chromium concentrations for the Painesville, Ohio, chromate production plant (1943–1971). Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 2003;18(6):430–49.

45. Proctor DM, Panko JP, Liebig EW et al. Estimating historical occupational exposure to airborne hexavalent chromium in a chromate production plant: 1940–1972. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2004;1:752–67.

46. Tritchler JP, Mundt KA (Applied Epidemiology, Inc.). Epidemiological study of six modern chromate production facilities: A unified strategy for updating mortality experience through 1998: A draft proposal prepared for the Industrial Hygiene Foundation’s Chromium Chemicals Health and Environmental Committee members. March 17, 1997.

47. Applied Epidemiology, Inc. Draft protocol: Collaborative cohort mortality study of five chromate production facilities, 1958–1998. Prepared for the Industrial Health Foundation, Inc. April 23, 1999.

48. Pastides H, Austin R, Lemeshow S et al. A retrospective-cohort study of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. Am J Ind Med. 1994;25:663–75.

49. Matzzie CG, Wolfe SM (staff attorney for Public Citizen Litigation Group and director of Public Citizen Health Research Group, respectively). Letter to Watchman G (acting assistant secretary of Labor for OSHA). March 3, 1997.

50. OSHA. DOL semiannual agenda of regulations (Part 12). Fed. Reg. 1997;62(80):21934–80.

51. Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers Union v. OSHA, 145 F.3d 120 (filed March 16, 1998).

52. OSHA. DOL semiannual agenda of regulations (Part 12). Fed. Reg. 1997;62(209):57714–56.

53. OSHA. DOL semiannual agenda of regulations (Part 12). Fed. Reg. 1997;64(224):64622–71 (see 64628 and 64664–65).

54. OSHA. DOL semiannual agenda of regulations (Part 12). Fed. Reg. 65(321):74072–124 (see 74110).

55. OSHA. DOL semiannual agenda of regulations (Part 12). Fed. Reg. 2001;66(232):61839–86 (see 61846 and 61879–80).

56. Exponent, Inc. Critique of two studies by Gibb et al.: Lung cancer among workers in chromium chemical production, clinical findings of irritation smong chromium chemical production workers. Prepared for Chrome Coalition, c/o Collier Shannon and Scott, LLP by Exponent, Inc. June 2002. OSHA Docket H054A, Exhibit no. 31–18–14.

57. OSHA. Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium: Request for information. Fed. Reg. 2002;67:54389–94.

58. Exponent, Inc. Reanalysis of lung cancer mortality study for workers in the Baltimore chromium production facility. Study sponsored by Elementis Chromium, Engelhard Corporation, Honeywell, Lockheed Martin, and Tierra Solutions, Inc.; November 20, 2002. OSHA docket H054A, Exhibit no. 31–18–15–1.

59. Exponent, Inc. Technical Memorandum: Comments on the OSHA Hexavalent Chromium Rulemaking for the Aerospace Industries Association. Prepared for the Aerospace Industries Association. December 27, 2004. OSHA docket H054A, Exhibit no. 38-215-2.

60. OSHA. Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium; proposed rule, request for comments and scheduling of informal public hearings. Fed. Reg. 2004;69(191):59306–404.

61. Luippold R, Mundt KA, Dell LD et al. Low-level hexavalent chromium exposure and rate of mortality among U.S. chromate production employees. J Occup Environ Med. 2005;47(4):381–85.

62. Spraycar M (managing editor, JOEM). Email to Michaels D (George Washington University). Subject: JOEM dates of Luippold study. May 16, 2005.

63. Tampio C (director of Employment Policy, Human Resources Policy at the National Association of Manufacturers). Letter to OSHA Docket Office. Re: Comments to proposed rule on occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. Fed. Reg. October 4, 2004; 69:59305. January 3, 2005. OSHA Docket H054A, Exhibit no. 39–53.

64. Dweck A, Lurie P, Michaels D. Hexavalent chromium study’s conclusions unjustified. J Occup Environ Med. 2005;47(10):980–81.

65. Howe SR (senior technical director, Worker Health and Safety, Society of the Plastics Industry). Letter to OSHA Docket Office. Re: Post-hearing brief, proposed rule on occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. 60 Fed. Reg. 59305 (October 4, 2004). April 20, 2005. OSHA docket H054A, Exhibit no. 47–24–1.

66. McMahon-Lohrer K, Nelson K (Collier Shannon Scott, PLLC; counsel for the Specialty Steel Industry of North America). Post-hearing brief. April 20, 2005. OSHA docket H054A, Exhibit 47–27–1.

67. Richter CM, Hannapel JS (The Policy Group). Post-hearing comments of the Surface Finishing Industry Council. April 20, 2005. OSHA docket H054A, Exhibit no. 47–35–1.

68. Barnhart J. Affidavit. December 17, 2004. In re: Industrial Health Foundation, Inc., U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, 2004.

69. Applied Epidemiology, Inc. Collaborative cohort mortality study of four chromate production facilities, 1958–1998: Final report. Prepared for the Industrial Health Foundation, Inc. September 27, 2002.

70. Mundt KA, Luippold R, Dell L. Reply to Dweck, Lurie, and Michaels: Hexavalent chromium study’s conclusions unjustified. J Occup Environ Med. 2005;47(10):980–81. J Occup Environ Hygiene. 2005;47(10):981.

71. Mundt K (principal, Environ Health Sciences). Email to Edens M (OSHA). Subject: Occupational hexavalent chromium exposure (with attached manuscript on German cohort mortality study). October 17, 2005. OSHA docket H054A, Exhibit no 48-4-1.

72. Birk T, Mundt KA, Dell LD et al. Lung cancer mortality in the German chromate industry, 1958 to 1998. J Occup Environ Med. 2006;48(4):426–33.