1. Dyckman LJ (Director, Food and Agriculture Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, U.S. General Accounting Office). Testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Restructuring, and the District of Columbia; Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. Food Safety: U.S. needs a single agency to administer a unified, risk-based inspection system. August 4, 1999. Report no. GAO/T-RCED-99-256.
2. Americans growing less confident in FDA’s job on safety, poll shows. Wall Street Journal (online). May 24, 2006.
3. World Health Organization. Fact sheet no. 187: Air pollution. September 2000. Available at: http://www.who.int//inf-fs/en/fact187.html. Accessed in July 2007.
4. Merton RK. Priorities in scientific discovery: A chapter in the sociology of science. Amer Soc Rev. 1957;22(6):635–59.
5. American Competitiveness and Corporate Accountability Act (also known as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act). Public law no. 107–204, 2002.
6. Union of Concerned Scientists. Restoring scientific integrity in policymaking [letter]. 2006. Available at: http://www.ucsusa.org/scientific_integrity/interference/scientists-signon-statement.html. Accessed in June 2007.
7. Davidoff F, DeAngelis CD, Drazen JM et al. Sponsorship, authorship, and accountability. JAMA. 2002;286(10):1232–34.
8. Michaels D, Wagner W. Disclosure in regulatory science. Science. 2003;302(5653):2073.
9. S. 2812. Proposed amendments to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Introduced November 4, 1971, by Sen. Nelson G (D-WI).
10. Krimsky S. Science in the Private Interest: Has the Lure of Profits Corrupted Biomedical Research? Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003.
11. Guerrero PF (director; Environmental Protection Issues; Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division; U.S. General Accounting Office). Testimony before the Subcommittee on Toxic Substances, Research, and Development; Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate. Toxic Substances Control Act: EPA’s limited progress in regulating toxic chemicals. May 17, 1994. Report no. GAO/T-RCED-94-212.
12. Stephenson JB (Director, Natural Resources and Environment, U.S. Government Accountability Office). Testimony before the Committee on the Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate). Chemical regulation: Options are needed to improve the effectiveness of EPA’s Chemical Review Program. August 2, 2006. Report no. GAO-06-1032T.
13. Environmental Defense Fund. Toxic ignorance: The continuing absence of basic health testing for top-selling chemicals in the United States. 1997. Available at: http://www.environmentaldefense.org/documents/243_toxicignorance.pdf. Accessed in July 2007.
14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical hazard data availability study: What do we really know about the safety of high production volume chemicals? April 1998.
15. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 267 unsponsored chemicals. November 30, 2006. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/pubs/general/hpvunspn.pdf. Accessed in July 2007.
16. European Commission. The new EU chemicals regulation: REACH (Registration, Evaluation, and Authorisation of Chemicals). 2006. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/reach/overview_en.htm. Accessed in June 2007.
17. Toxic Substances Control Act. Public law no. 94–469. 1976.
18. Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction. Interim audit report on inappropriate use of proprietary data markings by the Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP) contractor. October 26, 2006. Report no. SIGIR-06-035.
19. Jasanoff S. Transparency in public science: Purposes, reasons, limits. Law and Contemporary Problems. 2006;69(3):21–45.
20. Wagner W, Michaels D. Equal treatment for regulatory science: Extending the controls governing the quality of public research to private research. Am J Law Med. 2004;30:119–54.
21. Krewski D, Burnett RT, Goldberg M et al. Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study. Part 1: Validation and replication. Inhal Toxicol. 2005;17(7–8):335– 42.
22. Neutra RR, Cohen A, Fletcher T et al. Toward guidelines for the ethical reanalysis and reinterpretation of another’s research. Epidemiology. 2006;17(3):335–38.
23. U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (overview). 2002.
24. Committee on Ensuring the Best Presidential and Federal Advisory Committee Science and Technology Appointments, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine. Science and technology in the national interest: Ensuring the best presidential and federal advisory committee science and technology appointments. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005.
25. Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006, Sect. 5519. Public law no. 109–149, December 30, 2005.
26. Steinbrook R. Financial conflicts of interest and the Food and Drug Administration’s advisory committees. NEJM. 2005;353(2):116.
27. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Draft guidance for the public, FDA advisory committee members, and FDA staff on procedures for determining conflict of interest and eligibility for participation in FDA advisory committees; Availability. [Notice]. Fed. Reg. 2007;72(56):
13805.
28. Marchione M. Groups question doctors’ ties to drug firms: Federal cholesterol guidelines promoted by physicians paid by private companies prompt conflict concerns. Associated Press. October 17, 2004. Available at: http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/1017-08.htm. Accessed in July 2007.
29. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Preamble. January 2006.
30. Brandeis LD. Other People’s Money and How the Banks Use It. New York: Stokes, 1914.
31. Graham M. Regulation by shaming. Atlantic Monthly. 2000;285(4):36–40.
32. U.S. Department of Energy. Press release: Los Alamos National Lab cited for nuclear safety violations. Issued September 8, 1999.
33. OSHA. Air contaminants: Final rule. Fed. Reg. 1993;58:35338–51.
34. Barab J. Wild animals? Lock the cage—even if there’s no OSHA standard. Confined Space Blog. January 18, 2006. Available at: http://spewingforth.blogspot.com/2005/01/wild-animals-lock-cage-even-if-theres.html. Accessed in June 2007.
35. Worker critical after bear attacks. Chicago Sun Times. September 13, 2004.
36. AFL-CIO. Death on the Job: The Toll of Neglect. A National and State-by-State Profile of Worker Safety and Health in the United States. 16th ed. April 2007. Available at: http://www.aflcio.org/issues/safety/memorial/upload/doj_2007.pdf. Accessed in July 2007.
37. Food Quality Protection Act. Public law no. 104–170. August 3, 1996.
38. Wigle DT, Lanphear BP. Human health risks from low-level environmental exposures: No apparent safety thresholds. PLoS Med. 2005;2(12):1232–34.
39. Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J et al. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children’s intellectual function: An international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(7):894–99.
40. World Health Organization–Europe. Health aspects of air pollution: Results from the WHO project ‘‘Systemic Review of Health Aspects of Air Pollution in Europe.’’ June 2004. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/document/E83080.pdf. Accessed in June 2007.
41. National Research Council. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2 (2006). Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006.
42. U.S. Department of Energy. DOE occupational radiation exposure: 2001 report. Report no. DOE/EH-0660.
43. Takahashi W, Wong L, Rogers BJ et al. Depression of sperm counts among agricultural workers exposed to dibromochloropropane and ethylene dibromide. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1981;27(4):551–58.
44. Epidemiologic notes and reports: Human lead absorption—Texas. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1997;46(37):871–77.
45. Associated Press. BP’s Texas City refinery nation’s top polluter. May 7, 2006.
46. Barstow D, Bergman L. At a Texas foundry, an indifference to life. New York Times. January 8, 2003.
47. Barstow D, Bergman L. Family’s profits, wrung from blood and sweat. New York Times. January 9, 2003.
48. Barstow D, Bergman L. Deaths on the job, slaps on the wrist. New York Times. January 10, 2003.
49. U.S. Department of Justice. Press release: McWane, Inc., and company executive plead guilty and McWane sentenced for environmental crimes. Issued February 8, 2006. Available at: http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2006/February/06_enrd_065.html. Accessed in June 2007.
50. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Proposition 65: Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. Available at: http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/law/P65law72003.html. Accessed in July 2007.
51. Mendelson N. Bullies along the Potomac. New York Times. July 5, 2006.
52. H.R. 4167. National Uniformity for Food Act. Introduced October 27, 2005, by Rep. Rogers MJ (R-MI-8).
53. Wilson MP. Green chemistry in California: A framework for leadership in chemicals policy and innovation. California Policy Research Center at the University of California for the California Senate Environmental Quality Committee and the California Assembly Committee on Environmental Safety and Toxic Materials; 2006. Available at: http://coeh.berkeley.edu/docs/news/06_wilson_policy.pdf. Accessed in February 2008.